Freud And The Unconscious Essay -- essays research papers

Freud was especially intrigued by the psychoanalytic way of thinking and the author of therapy. He accepted that our oblivious personalities are liable for huge numbers of our practices. As per Freud, he believed that there was a noteworthy connection between oversights and what we are really thinking. Today these are called Freudian slips. Thus he accepted that we get data, similar to our feelings of dread and wishes, out by just simply saying what rings a bell. He had the option to educate a great deal regarding individuals, including their past encounters, how they were feeling, and what they wished and dreaded, just by basically promising them to talk whatever rung a bell.      In plunking down and copying myself talking about whatever rung a bell, a ton of oblivious musings about myself were uncovered. I saw myself discussing things that I regularly wouldn’t have. For example, I talked about God, passing, and negative things about my companions. I likewise said a great deal of stuff that truly had neither rhyme nor reason. An accurate bit of what I recorded myself saying was, â€Å"I don’t care. That’s simply the manner in which I am. I don’t care the slightest bit. It’s like†¦ I don’t know. Bite the dust. Possibly God will. Yeah†¦ possibly. Ha. Butterflies. Remain on dividers, do that move. Yeah†¦ Buddy’s cool. Stop. No. Eva. Duh. She’s†¦ so screwing dumb. Ugh. Drink. Better believe it right. What difference does it make? It’s little.†  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â  â &...

The Shoe-Horn Sonata free essay sample

Indeed, even with this chitchat they despite everything stay dear companions after what they had experienced together. The fundamental topic from this scene is Friendship. â€Å"We were energetic. We didn’t need to leave. I recall mother saying, ‘Sheila, you and I are English ladies. We don't flee from a couple Orientals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sheila reveals to Rick how her mom wasn’t frightened and needed to remain in Singapore. The English were excessively enthusiastic and didn't think the Japanese were fit for an unexpected assault. This statement is trailed by â€Å"But you did in the end† Rick saying that Sheila’s mother wasn't right. Sheila gravely replies with â€Å"we had no choice†. This shows the crowd that they were driven out of Singapore, actually. The slides anticipated onto the screen are pictures of kids with toys boarding ships with ladies, prospective survivors of perhaps the history’s most exceedingly awful, and least known slaughter. We will compose a custom article test on The Shoe-Horn Sonata or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Japanese didn’t comply with the Geneva Convention, they were savage. â€Å"We lay level on the deck and secured our eyes. However, our mariners were shouting †‘Get up! Hold up! Let the Japanese see you’re just ladies and youngsters. † Sheila discloses to Rick that a spotlight was centered around her boat. They all stood up and they heard the sound of saltines, the Japanese were terminating at the boat of ladies and kids. â€Å"Then mariners were hollering ‘Jump for it! Hop for it! † â€Å"And then there was this stunning commotion. The entire boat rose from the water and slammed on its side. It lay there like an injured creature spilling oil, rather than blood† Sheila tranquilly relates the occasions that happened that day to Rick. She depicts in detail of the repulsiveness that occurred. This slices to a voice, youthful Sheila, whining a couple of lines from the psalm ‘Jerusalem’. The sound of youthful Sheila’s voice occupies the room and this is intended to truly associate with the crowd and cause them to feel as though they were truly there. Bridie makes some noise as though she is attempting to capture everyone's attention off Sheila by saying â€Å"My transport sunk too. Some Japanese Zeros discovered us. They dropped twenty-eight bombs on the Vyner Brooke. What's more, twenty-seven missed. The one that got us went clean down the pipe and blew the boat from underneath our feat†. Everyone was shockingly quiet, from sheer incredulity. Once Bridie was in the water she floated off to rest before was awoken by Sheila. This is the place the two began their companionship. Sheila says to Bridie â€Å"Weathers turned somewhat crisp for this season of year† downplaying the circumstance. Bridie knew about the need to keep Sheila conscious and, aside from talking about the benefits of Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby, she turned to tapping her with the shoe-horn her dad had given her. â€Å"Before I could stop her, she was hollering out and waving, ‘yoo-hoo chaps, I state, yoo-hoo! ’. In any case, by then I could see the boats flag†. A Japanese banner shows up in front of an audience behind the ladies, a crimson rising sun. As Bridie tells Rick of how the Japanese just chuckled at the young ladies, bouncing around shrouded in oil, Sheila instinctually connects for Bridie’s hand. By and by the young ladies look entirely powerless. At that point Japanese voices are played over the soundtrack. This strikes the crowd and shows how the two blameless young ladies were alarmed that a boat of Japanese fighters were going to make them detainees of war. â€Å"I needed to cry. However, I reminded myself I was a lady of the Empire. What's more, it just wasn’t done to demonstrate dread to the locals. I could nearly hear my mom saying: ‘Chin up, gel! Furthermore, where are your gloves? † Sheila’s enthusiastic English mentality was helping her stay solid while her and Bridie were taken. Progressive obscurity assumes control over the stage and the last ensemble of ‘Jerusalem’ is played over the sound framework. This represents trust in the two little youngsters. The subjects appeared all through this scene of fellowship, trust, endurance all connect to the play all in all. This scene shows the fearlessness of the two young ladies and that they truly had no clue what was to come in the following hardly any years. In spite of the fact that regardless of this, the young ladies kinship is sufficiently able to endure the war.

An Analysis of the poem “Song” by John Donne - 275 Words

An Analysis of the poem â€Å"Song† by John Donne (Coursework Sample) Content: (Your Name) (Professor) (Literature, Code) An Analysis of the poem â€Å"Song† by John Donne John Donne’s â€Å"Song† is an interesting poem about how difficult it is to get a faithful woman. The speaker compares how hard it is getting a faithful woman with a number of things that are really hard to achieve such as catching a falling star or hearing of mermaid’s singing. The title â€Å"Song† suggests that the poem’s content is an issue that has been said over and again by men until it appears like it is a song for now. The author’s adept use of diction, structure, imagery, and direct address, makes the poem convey the message about the difficulty of finding a faithful woman in a convincing manner. The poem begins with an imperative tone as the speaker tells the addressee to accomplish a raft of impossibilities: â€Å"Go and catch a falling star/Get with child a mandrake root/Tell me where all past years ar e† (1-3).Even if one achieved these, it would still be even harder to get a faithful woman. In the subsequent lines(10-12),the speaker continues to give an alternative suggestion that even if the addressee embarked on a long adventurous journey/odyssey, he(speaker) is certain that the addressee will never find a faithful woman anywhere, â€Å"And swear/No where/Lives a woman true and fair†(16-18).And even if in any case he were to find such anywhere, to let him know: â€Å"If thou find’st one,let me know†(19).The speaker continues to say that he knows such a journey to where she is would be nice, but on a second thought, he changes his mind and tells the addressee not to inform him for he(speaker) would not go even if the woman was found next door, â€Å"Yet do not, I would not go† (21).The reason is because the fair woman might have since changed, â€Å"Though she were true, when you met her/Yet she/Will be/False, ere I come, to two, or threeâ₠¬  (23,25-27).These lines reveal the speaker’s cynicism about the possibility of finding a good woman anywhere. The speaker’s tone betrays his strong emotions as he pitches his views about women. He has total conviction that it is difficult to find a faithful woman. The tone reveals his dim view of women, betraying perhaps his first hand experience with several unfaithful ones. At first, it is impossible to establish the grain of argument, not until towards the end of the second stanza do we get the crux of the argument: â€Å"No where/Lives a woman true and fair† (17-18).The word â€Å"swear† (16) shows strong emotion and skepticism that there is no faithful woman (Redpath 23). The poem’s impact is heightened by the poet’s adept use of stylistic devices such as elision in â€Å"be’st† (10) and â€Å"return’st† (14), these are useful in preserving metre.The use of images such as â€Å"Falling starâ €  (1), â€Å"mandrake root† (2), and â€Å"mermaid’s singing† (5) help one to visualize vividly these things and in comparison see how difficult it is to get a fair woman. The use of rhyme as in â€Å"star/are, root/foot...

Symbolism In A Good Man Is Hard To Find - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 650 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Did you like this example? In literature, forests have a bad reputation. Little Red Riding Hood gets tricked by a wolf in a forest. Dante starts his descent into hell wandering around in a forest. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Symbolism In A Good Man Is Hard To Find" essay for you Create order The Forbidden Forest near Hogwarts gives Harry Potter almost nothing but trouble. Forests are full of creepy fungi, jagged rock, twisted branches, and deceptive little critters. To read almost any book is to understand how purely evil forests are. This is also the case in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, where the forest is where all except the grandmother is taken to get shot. It seems like only good thing to have come out of forests is the Black Forest Cake, when you first start reading. Symbolism and irony are two literary devices that are used commonly throughout the story. We know that the family begins in Atlanta and that they travel a few hours south to the town of Toombsboro. Here, the grandmother persuaded her son to take a detour onto a dirt road. After continuing on this road they run off the road and land in a ditch. The ditch is nearly ten feet below the road and lies between the road and a tall and dark and deep forest. There is forest on the other side of the road too, so the forest looms over the scene on both sides. This part of the story is like a staged play: the site of the action doesnt move, the ditch is the stage, and the forest is backstage, where characters are taken. We only learn what is happening from the noises we hear, which are usually screams or gunshots. As for the time, the era of the story is never explicitly defined, but given the cars and the mention of Gone With the Wind (published as a book in 1936 and released as a movie in 1939), we can guess its the 1940s or later. Since there is no mention of a war going on, and the grandmother says that the way Europe acted you would think we were made of money (44), it is almost certainly after WWII. Since OConnor wrote this story in 1953, I think we can place it in the late 40s or early 50s. We know that the family leaves their home in the morning, and that they leave Red Sammy in the hot afternoon. We do not actually know how late it is when they land in the ditch. The grandmother says it is a beautiful day, but we know from The Misfit that the sun is nowhere to be seen. The story is told in the third person and it centers singularly on the grandmother. She is the character we are told the most about, by far. She is also the only character whose point of view we can access directly. We get to hear her thoughts and feelings, although we never get too much detail. We are usually given a direct, short summary that leaves a lot of room for imagination on the part of the reader. That there is room for interpretation with regard to the grandmothers inner thoughts continues to be a subject of debate. The only other character who is given comparable attention is The Misfit. We only learn about him through the grandmothers perspective. After the grandmother is killed, though, there is a brief switch to The Misfits perspective, although we do not get any further into his head. You know, if we were wicked killers running from the police we would not choose to drive in a big, black, battered hearse-like automobile. (70). Nothing symbolizes menacing death like hearse. Although, this is the kind of automobile Misfit Co. chose to ride around Georgia in. One that looks as if it should be carrying a coffin to a funeral. It is excellent imagery for the story, but quite dumb if you are trying to stay incognito in real life.

Substance Abuse, Drug Traffickers And Addicts On How...

In this paper I will be discussing religion, science, substance abuse, drug traffickers and addicts on how religion can help individuals on their addictions, and how clergy members need to have more training on substance abuse. In religion it has been known that the clergy members are not educated as they should be on substance abuse and because of this it becomes a problem (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Then within the health care providers and psychiatrists, the issue with them is that they do not believe that using spirituality and religion will even help and treat people who suffer with drug abuse (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Now there have been studies to prove that in fact that religion and spirituality can aid the treatment and†¦show more content†¦Then the study found that psychiatrists and health care providers refused to use the power of spirituality and religion through their session with their patients (Califano, andSheehan 8). Since this created a problem the Vatican came forward to help in any way possible (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Other studies found that in the United States, people do in fact follow different religious beliefs (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Majority of the people have a belief in a God, and 92% of those people join certain religion groups (Califano, and Sheehan 8). For example, there are different groups of churches, cathedrals, synagogues, Islamic centers and mosques, Hindu and Buddhist temples that are within our states (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Then in the medical field researchers find that the United States have the most advanced medical aid with high developed equipments to be able to work it (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Yet, clergy and physicians, religion, and science are all separated from one another (Califano, and Sheehan 8). Now when medicine and spirituality are separated we don’t allow individuals to receive full possible aid they may need in order to recover and lessen their pain they may be going through (Califano, and Sheehan 8). There is a report called CASA that has extraordinary surveys from clergy and heads of schools of theology of information that includes

Benefits of Using the Ashford University Library free essay sample

Lastly will go over how to be effective and efficient in finding resources that will fit in to research needs. So lets talk about what are some of the key differences between scholarly resources and popular resources. A scholarly resource is a resource that is published by a subject matter expert. It is a paper that is written by someone who is very familiar with the subject on hand. After a person writes the said paper it then goes through a peer review. A peer review is others that are experts in the field and weigh in on the paper at hand. It is a very vigorous recess.It then has to be approved in order to be published and be considered a scholarly resource. Unlike scholarly resources, popular resources are usually written by a journalist of some sort or professional flogger. These resources are typically found in magazines, newspapers, or blobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Using the Ashford University Library or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And are generally written for entertainment and inform the public. It often is very reliable and can be very helpful for research purposes. So now that you know what the differences are left talk about some key things to remember when searching with in the Gifford university Library.The Gifford University Library is an amazing tool for us students attending Gifford University. It is full of information that will put us on the right path to success. But you have to understand how to use it first. And the library has thought of it all. It has helpful tutorials to show you step by step on how to use it and what to use it for. It also has the Find it tool. You have to be sure when you are searching using the find it tool you be specific. When searching scholarly resources you have to just use main ideas and key words.If you try o search a long sentence or phrase it will give you tons of options and then you are really not using it the right way. It is not like a search engine where it guesses what you are trying to look for causing you to dig through thousands of pages. Using quotations is also helpful when searching because it will look for those specific words in that order. These are just some key things to remember when using the Library and its tools to help us turn in quality work. Being effective and efficient is key to research. You never want to go in to it without a plan. Otherwise you could be wasting valuable time.

Malware, Spyware And Adware free essay sample

How do we get Spyware How Spyware operates Spyware effects Man In Middle attack Counter-Measures Anti-Malware Techniques Bibliography Introduction: From the early days of cracking passwords and stealing information from personal computers, to deadly Internet based attacks that can shake entire’s nation security, cyber crimes have evolved from the endeavors of entertainment by cyber kiddies to organized crimes and terrorist activities of cyber mafia. Virus Attacks, hacking, browser hijacks, spam, phishing and so on are various manifestations of malicious activities that have evolved on the internet in last couple of decades. Malware is one such tool that has emerged as a widely preferred choice to consummate criminal activities on the Internet. Malware is new genre of hostile software, written in a high level language. Normally they target technical vulnerabilities in the system. Spyware, adware, Trojans, virus, worms are very common form of Malware prevalent on the Internet. It propagates through emails, IM and other web services. We will write a custom essay sample on Malware, Spyware And Adware or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be categorized into criminal and business malware. Criminal malware is used in cyber terrorism and vandalism; while business malware is used for business/monetary benefits. Spyware is a software program that collects personal information of the users without their formal consent. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not usually self replicate, or intrude into the system directly or spread from one system to another; instead, it intrudes into a system by deceiving the user or exploiting software vulnerabilities in a system. Once it gets into the system, its implications can range from disturbing to devastating. It propagates using personalization cookies, tracking cookies, Trojans, drive-by downloads, hacking and piggybacking. Malware: Along with viruses, malware is the biggest threat today to the computer users. It can hijack the browser, redirect search results, serve up pop-ups and many more. Malware stands for â€Å"malicious software† and is used to identify all unwanted and potentially unwanted software. We can get infected by malware in several ways. It often comes bundled with other programs (examples include kazaa and i-mesh). These are usually pop-up ads, that send revenue from the ads to the program’s authors. Others are installed from the website, pretending to be software needed to view the site. Its most destructive feature is that once we are infected with the malware, it tends to multiply!! Earlier, it was mainly written for the destruction of computers and their data but now a days malware development is a big business. It is mostly used as a tool for extorting money out of its victims. In the form of rogue security programs, these are used to convince uneducated computer users to purchase the removal software from the same people who have written it. The types of malware are: Adware- It is the class of software that monitors the internet use for known e-commerce sites. When a user attempts to reach a site, adware pops-up suggesting an alternate site which may or may not be legitimate. Porn Dialers- This software was used heavily during the days when modem was the primary mechanism for connecting to the internet. This used to silently disconnect a modem from its service providers and redial to another premium rate telephone number. The resulting phone number charges, usually that of far-removed countries, would be found by the user only on its next telephone bill. Backdoors- These are the software tools which are mostly used to bypass existing security mechanisms present in either operating system or any application. Exploits- It is a general term used to describe any software code that is specifically designed to take advantage of a known weakness in operating system or application code. When vulnerabilities exist on a system, the exploits can be created to grant attacker administrative privileges, disclose or destroy any data or complete any task. Key loggers- These are the original spyware. It is a type of malware that is mostly used to â€Å"spy† on the user of a system. One way to accomplish this is to log every keystroke typed into that system and then using that data to extract credit card social security numbers and all other sensitive information. Trojans- It is software that illegitimately performs some action that is different than its stated purpose. It may appear to be a legitimate software package that accomplishes a task desired by the user but at the same time after installing it can also perform some illegitimate tasks like destroying personal data. Examples of malware: GAIN- It is one of the oldest and best known examples of malware, created by Claria company. webHancer- It is a spyware application that is commonly bundled with other programs. Upon installation, it starts a program that runs in the background and collect details of the webpages we visit. ISTBar- It is a combination of toolbar and hijacker. It installs a toolbar with search functions provided by slotch. com. Recent Attacks:- Katrina-themed Malware attack Hits the Net This malicious site hosted in Poland harbors a secondary line of attack designed especially to dupe windows users. It cynically offers a â€Å"free scan† for the zotob worm that in reality infects users. It also exploits well known IE vulnerabilities to install a variety of Trojans including Cgab-A, Borobot-Q etc. Most Recent Malware: Stealth Malware Stealth is a program that deliberately tries to conceal its presence in the system. It may try to hide changes it introduced in the system, including dropped files, file changes, running processes, registry settings etc. Malware Development Life Cycle- In recent years, malware has evolved in complexity to rival many decent sized software projects. This indicates an improvement in decent methodologies that enables malware producers to improve their output and capability to achieve maximum gain. Following are the steps generally deployed by the creators of malware to ensure its success: Get the malware onto the target system. Ensure the survival of the malware in the target system. Once establish engage its payload. There are several ways by which malware can be installed on the target machine. Some of these include websites or vulnerabilities in software installed on target machine. There are also actively spreading worms, which propagates via emails, peer to peer network, and IM. A growing trend is not to target vulnerabilities in software but to exploit the users of that software. Malware tricks the users and entice the user to download. One of the major requirement of malware is to remain undetected and viable once installed on the target machine. For this purpose the most common techniques used are compression and encryption. Now a days two more techniques are getting common i. e. code obfuscation and executable injectors. Once establish the main job of malware is to deliver the payload. This payload varies from malware to malware. Spyware- It is a type of malicious software that collects information from a computing system without his/her consent. It can capture keystrokes, screenshots, internet usage habit other personal information. The data is then delivered to online attackers who sell it to others or use it themselves for marketing or identify theft. How do we get spyware:- The main culprits in spyware transmission are:- Unprotected web browsing – Many advertising companies send tracking files, called â€Å"cookies,† along with their banner, ads or provide â€Å"special offers† that, when clicked, install extra software without our consent. Peer-to-peer applications – Kazza Lite is a notorious carrier of spyware installation packages. Many MP3 sharing sites also cause spyware problems. Opportunistic â€Å"freeware† or â€Å"shareware† programs – Weatherbug is one such program which collects more information than it is authorized. Web browsers using cookies – Any web browser can permit spyware to be installed on clicking the page that installs it. Some legitimate commercial software – Windows Media Player and America Online are considered sources of spyware. Each installation of Windows Media Player includes a uniquely identifying number that is provided to Microsoft, and America Online installs additional software packages that report data usage to advertising companies. How Spyware operates: When keywords of interest like names of banks, online payment systems etc are observed, the spyware starts its data collection process. The most common area of interest for spyware is the data sent using HTTPS i. e. HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure. This HTTPS is mainly used for very sensitive data and uses Secure Socket Layers(SSL) Transport Layer Security(TLS). Encryption using these SSL TLS makes it difficult to intercept data during transmission but when spyware is running on the end user’s computer, it is collected before encryption. Man-In-Middle Attack Man in Middle Attack or Bucket Brigade Attack can be active as well as passiveform of eavesdropping. It is a type of attack in which the cyber criminal funnels communication between two users and none of the user is aware that the communication is being illegally monitored. The man in middle employ spyware that when loaded on the consumer’s computer redirects the web browser to the fake site. Countermeasures: Users/Organizations can formulate their anti-malware strategy depending upon the type and complexity of Malware attacks that they are exposed to, and the level of risk associated with such attacks. Different organizations use different tools and approaches to counter malware attacks. These tools and approaches are often based on their functionality, suitability and a cost. The two basic approaches are: Reactive Approach Proactive Approach Reactive Approach- It is an incident response process. In this method, once a problem is encountered, the investigation of the problem, analysis and findings remedy, and documenting the resolutions for future is done and that too mostly in same order. The existing anti malware tools available, identify the malware by scanning the computer executable files check if any know malware have sneaked into the system. This is done by detecting programs that are making changes to the operating system registry. Here, there are only three alternatives for dealing with malware:- Running Malware removable tool to detect and repair malware. If, anti-malware tool fails, Malware can be removed manually by the administrator or formatting the system. Use anti-Malware tool to prevent them from entering the system. Proactive approach- In this approach, the Malware can be deleted even before they get executed. It can be done in following ways:- Apply latest firmware to hardware systems and routers as recommended by vendors. Apply latest security patches to server applications and other applications. Ensure recent anti virus software is running. Maintain a database that keeps track of what patches have been applied. Enable firewalls. Enforce strong password policies. Use Least-privileged user account(LUA). This will do less damage as compared to high privileged processes. Anti-Malware techniques: When a worm or virus starts spreading into the computer networks, one must be able to react quickly to minimize the outbreak and damage it can cause. Traditionally, organizations use firewalls and antivirus scanning tools in order to prevent Malware from entering the system. These tools are used as a protective wall between a node and its network and the internet. The main motive is to prevent malicious code from entering into the system. However, these firewalls antivirus scanning tools and traffic monitors are not free from technical vulnerabilities, that can still be exploited by new generation Malware. Advanced Anti-Malware techniques: Integrating filters ‘with signatures’ – Having layers of application filter on the network, will increase the efficiency of the security tools. Advanced antivirus tools, firewalls, web and email filters can be clubbed together, with latest updates/patches to prevent Malware from entering the system. This approach reduces the probability of Malware intrusion to minimum possible. Though not zero. For example, Malware that attacks the web-browser normally bypasses the firewalls, but gets identified and deleted by web filters. Similarly, a new Malware whose signature is not there in any of the filters can still sneak into the network unnoticed. ‘Multi-Layered Defense’ without signatures- It is very much similar to the ‘Integrating Filters’ approach but the only differentiating factor is that they can detect any malware even without their definition or signatures. Malware, Spyware And Adware free essay sample How do we get Spyware How Spyware operates Spyware effects Man In Middle attack Counter-Measures Anti-Malware Techniques Bibliography Introduction: From the early days of cracking passwords and stealing information from personal computers, to deadly Internet based attacks that can shake entire’s nation security, cyber crimes have evolved from the endeavors of entertainment by cyber kiddies to organized crimes and terrorist activities of cyber mafia. Virus Attacks, hacking, browser hijacks, spam, phishing and so on are various manifestations of malicious activities that have evolved on the internet in last couple of decades. Malware is one such tool that has emerged as a widely preferred choice to consummate criminal activities on the Internet. Malware is new genre of hostile software, written in a high level language. Normally they target technical vulnerabilities in the system. Spyware, adware, Trojans, virus, worms are very common form of Malware prevalent on the Internet. It propagates through emails, IM and other web services. We will write a custom essay sample on Malware, Spyware And Adware or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be categorized into criminal and business malware. Criminal malware is used in cyber terrorism and vandalism; while business malware is used for business/monetary benefits. Spyware is a software program that collects personal information of the users without their formal consent. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not usually self replicate, or intrude into the system directly or spread from one system to another; instead, it intrudes into a system by deceiving the user or exploiting software vulnerabilities in a system. Once it gets into the system, its implications can range from disturbing to devastating. It propagates using personalization cookies, tracking cookies, Trojans, drive-by downloads, hacking and piggybacking. Malware: Along with viruses, malware is the biggest threat today to the computer users. It can hijack the browser, redirect search results, serve up pop-ups and many more. Malware stands for â€Å"malicious software† and is used to identify all unwanted and potentially unwanted software. We can get infected by malware in several ways. It often comes bundled with other programs (examples include kazaa and i-mesh). These are usually pop-up ads, that send revenue from the ads to the program’s authors. Others are installed from the website, pretending to be software needed to view the site. Its most destructive feature is that once we are infected with the malware, it tends to multiply!! Earlier, it was mainly written for the destruction of computers and their data but now a days malware development is a big business. It is mostly used as a tool for extorting money out of its victims. In the form of rogue security programs, these are used to convince uneducated computer users to purchase the removal software from the same people who have written it. The types of malware are: Adware- It is the class of software that monitors the internet use for known e-commerce sites. When a user attempts to reach a site, adware pops-up suggesting an alternate site which may or may not be legitimate. Porn Dialers- This software was used heavily during the days when modem was the primary mechanism for connecting to the internet. This used to silently disconnect a modem from its service providers and redial to another premium rate telephone number. The resulting phone number charges, usually that of far-removed countries, would be found by the user only on its next telephone bill. Backdoors- These are the software tools which are mostly used to bypass existing security mechanisms present in either operating system or any application. Exploits- It is a general term used to describe any software code that is specifically designed to take advantage of a known weakness in operating system or application code. When vulnerabilities exist on a system, the exploits can be created to grant attacker administrative privileges, disclose or destroy any data or complete any task. Key loggers- These are the original spyware. It is a type of malware that is mostly used to â€Å"spy† on the user of a system. One way to accomplish this is to log every keystroke typed into that system and then using that data to extract credit card social security numbers and all other sensitive information. Trojans- It is software that illegitimately performs some action that is different than its stated purpose. It may appear to be a legitimate software package that accomplishes a task desired by the user but at the same time after installing it can also perform some illegitimate tasks like destroying personal data. Examples of malware: GAIN- It is one of the oldest and best known examples of malware, created by Claria company. webHancer- It is a spyware application that is commonly bundled with other programs. Upon installation, it starts a program that runs in the background and collect details of the webpages we visit. ISTBar- It is a combination of toolbar and hijacker. It installs a toolbar with search functions provided by slotch. com. Recent Attacks:- Katrina-themed Malware attack Hits the Net This malicious site hosted in Poland harbors a secondary line of attack designed especially to dupe windows users. It cynically offers a â€Å"free scan† for the zotob worm that in reality infects users. It also exploits well known IE vulnerabilities to install a variety of Trojans including Cgab-A, Borobot-Q etc. Most Recent Malware: Stealth Malware Stealth is a program that deliberately tries to conceal its presence in the system. It may try to hide changes it introduced in the system, including dropped files, file changes, running processes, registry settings etc. Malware Development Life Cycle- In recent years, malware has evolved in complexity to rival many decent sized software projects. This indicates an improvement in decent methodologies that enables malware producers to improve their output and capability to achieve maximum gain. Following are the steps generally deployed by the creators of malware to ensure its success: Get the malware onto the target system. Ensure the survival of the malware in the target system. Once establish engage its payload. There are several ways by which malware can be installed on the target machine. Some of these include websites or vulnerabilities in software installed on target machine. There are also actively spreading worms, which propagates via emails, peer to peer network, and IM. A growing trend is not to target vulnerabilities in software but to exploit the users of that software. Malware tricks the users and entice the user to download. One of the major requirement of malware is to remain undetected and viable once installed on the target machine. For this purpose the most common techniques used are compression and encryption. Now a days two more techniques are getting common i. e. code obfuscation and executable injectors. Once establish the main job of malware is to deliver the payload. This payload varies from malware to malware. Spyware- It is a type of malicious software that collects information from a computing system without his/her consent. It can capture keystrokes, screenshots, internet usage habit other personal information. The data is then delivered to online attackers who sell it to others or use it themselves for marketing or identify theft. How do we get spyware:- The main culprits in spyware transmission are:- Unprotected web browsing – Many advertising companies send tracking files, called â€Å"cookies,† along with their banner, ads or provide â€Å"special offers† that, when clicked, install extra software without our consent. Peer-to-peer applications – Kazza Lite is a notorious carrier of spyware installation packages. Many MP3 sharing sites also cause spyware problems. Opportunistic â€Å"freeware† or â€Å"shareware† programs – Weatherbug is one such program which collects more information than it is authorized. Web browsers using cookies – Any web browser can permit spyware to be installed on clicking the page that installs it. Some legitimate commercial software – Windows Media Player and America Online are considered sources of spyware. Each installation of Windows Media Player includes a uniquely identifying number that is provided to Microsoft, and America Online installs additional software packages that report data usage to advertising companies. How Spyware operates: When keywords of interest like names of banks, online payment systems etc are observed, the spyware starts its data collection process. The most common area of interest for spyware is the data sent using HTTPS i. e. HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure. This HTTPS is mainly used for very sensitive data and uses Secure Socket Layers(SSL) Transport Layer Security(TLS). Encryption using these SSL TLS makes it difficult to intercept data during transmission but when spyware is running on the end user’s computer, it is collected before encryption. Man-In-Middle Attack Man in Middle Attack or Bucket Brigade Attack can be active as well as passiveform of eavesdropping. It is a type of attack in which the cyber criminal funnels communication between two users and none of the user is aware that the communication is being illegally monitored. The man in middle employ spyware that when loaded on the consumer’s computer redirects the web browser to the fake site. Countermeasures: Users/Organizations can formulate their anti-malware strategy depending upon the type and complexity of Malware attacks that they are exposed to, and the level of risk associated with such attacks. Different organizations use different tools and approaches to counter malware attacks. These tools and approaches are often based on their functionality, suitability and a cost. The two basic approaches are: Reactive Approach Proactive Approach Reactive Approach- It is an incident response process. In this method, once a problem is encountered, the investigation of the problem, analysis and findings remedy, and documenting the resolutions for future is done and that too mostly in same order. The existing anti malware tools available, identify the malware by scanning the computer executable files check if any know malware have sneaked into the system. This is done by detecting programs that are making changes to the operating system registry. Here, there are only three alternatives for dealing with malware:- Running Malware removable tool to detect and repair malware. If, anti-malware tool fails, Malware can be removed manually by the administrator or formatting the system. Use anti-Malware tool to prevent them from entering the system. Proactive approach- In this approach, the Malware can be deleted even before they get executed. It can be done in following ways:- Apply latest firmware to hardware systems and routers as recommended by vendors. Apply latest security patches to server applications and other applications. Ensure recent anti virus software is running. Maintain a database that keeps track of what patches have been applied. Enable firewalls. Enforce strong password policies. Use Least-privileged user account(LUA). This will do less damage as compared to high privileged processes. Anti-Malware techniques: When a worm or virus starts spreading into the computer networks, one must be able to react quickly to minimize the outbreak and damage it can cause. Traditionally, organizations use firewalls and antivirus scanning tools in order to prevent Malware from entering the system. These tools are used as a protective wall between a node and its network and the internet. The main motive is to prevent malicious code from entering into the system. However, these firewalls antivirus scanning tools and traffic monitors are not free from technical vulnerabilities, that can still be exploited by new generation Malware. Advanced Anti-Malware techniques: Integrating filters ‘with signatures’ – Having layers of application filter on the network, will increase the efficiency of the security tools. Advanced antivirus tools, firewalls, web and email filters can be clubbed together, with latest updates/patches to prevent Malware from entering the system. This approach reduces the probability of Malware intrusion to minimum possible. Though not zero. For example, Malware that attacks the web-browser normally bypasses the firewalls, but gets identified and deleted by web filters. Similarly, a new Malware whose signature is not there in any of the filters can still sneak into the network unnoticed. ‘Multi-Layered Defense’ without signatures- It is very much similar to the ‘Integrating Filters’ approach but the only differentiating factor is that they can detect any malware even without their definition or signatures. In the integrating filters with signature technique there is a vulnerability i. e. these are amenable to attacks by unidentified or reported Malware. To overcome that vulnerability ‘Malware without signature’ approach must be adopted. It includes following technologies.